Archives of Veterinary Medicine

COMBATTING METHICILLIN-RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS (MRSA) IN THE FOOD INDUSTRY BY HARNESSING THE POWER OF NATURE: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

2023-07-30T14:20:25+00:00

Antibiotic resistance is a critical global health concern, with Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) posing a significant challenge due to its resistance to commonly used antibiotics. Recent research has revealed the potential of natural compounds and microorganisms in combatting MRSA and other antibiotic-resistant bacteria. In this systematic review, we studied the effect of essential oils, bacteriophages, bacteriocins, and probiotics on S. aureus, including MRSA in particular, in the food industry. Essential oils (EOs) have gained significant attention because of their antimicrobial properties, inhibiting MRSA growth by damaging bacterial cells and inhibiting essential enzymes and compounds. Cinnamon oil liposomes caused the most significant decrease in MRSA populations among our reviewed essential oils. Bacteriophages can lyse the bacterial host. They encode peptidoglycan hydrolases called endolysins that target the bacterial cell wall. In our study, S. aureus phage (containing CHAPLysGH15 and LysGH15), and phage SA11 endolysin (LysSA11) were the most effective against S. aureus. Bacteriocins, antimicrobial peptides produced by bacteria, also show potential in combatting MRSA, mainly by generating organic acids that interfere with bacterial metabolism. According to our review, the most effective bacteriocins against S. aureus were Enterocin AS-48 with phenolic compounds or with 2NPOH, Bacteriocin isolated from Lactobacillus pentosus - Pentocin JL-1, and bacteriocin produced by S. pasteuri RSP-1, respectively. Probiotics can compete with pathogens by producing antimicrobial compounds that disrupt MRSA cell production and ultimately lead to bacterial death. In our review, the most effective probiotics were Streptomyces griseus, Pediococcus acidilactici strains A11 and C12, Lactococcus lactis, and Lactobionic acid respectively. A multi-hurdle approach combining these natural agents has shown promising results in targeting and eliminating MRSA cells. By harnessing the power of nature, we can potentially overcome the challenges posed by MRSA and other antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

POTENTIAL OF DIFFERENT MYCOTOXIN ADSORBENTS UNDER IN VITRO CONDITIONS

2023-05-25T13:39:13+00:00

Mycotoxins are a large and chemically diverse group of toxic secondary metabolites. Regarding their prevalence in animal feed and the effect on animal health, the biggest problems in terms of safety and economic losses are caused by aflatoxins, fumonisins, ochratoxins, trichothecenes and zearalenone. Adsorbents are substances that are added to food contaminated with mycotoxins, in order to bind them in the gastrointestinal tract and thereby prevent or reduce their effect. The aim of this study was to examine the possibility of using pyrophyllite as a mineral adsorbent, as well as preparations made of ground peach pits of different particle sizes as organic adsorbents, for adsorption of deoxynivalenol and ochratoxin A. Mycotoxin adsorption experiments were performed in vitro in electrolyte solutions at pH 3 and 7. The adsorption efficiency of the adsorbent was expressed as adsorption index. Pyrophyllite had adsorption index of 13.47% for ochratoxin A at pH 3, while at pH 7, as well as for deoxynivalenol, the same mycotoxin produced a negligible degree of adsorption. Ground peach stones (of larger diameter, d = 0.1 mm) had considerable adsorption rates for ochratoxin A at pH 3 (34.41%) and deoxynivalenol at pH 7 (18.57%). The values were similar for smaller diameter (d < 0.1 mm) for ochratoxin A at pH 3 (42.71%) and deoxynivalenol at pH 7 (20.11%). The obtained results suggest that the potential of the preparation of ground peach stones for the adsorption of tested mycotoxins is higher compared to the potential of pyrophyllite, but there are differences in their efficiency depending on the pH value of the adsorption environment.

ISOLATION, MOLECULAR IDENTIFICATION AND ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY OF SALMONELLA FROM BUFFALO FECES IN SYLHET DISTRICT OF BANGLADESH

2023-06-21T21:45:12+00:00

Salmonella is a widely distributed foodborne pathogen affecting humans and animals around the globe. This cross-sectional bacteriological study was aimed at isolation of Salmonella from fecal samples of buffalos in Sylhet district (Upazilas Jaintapur and Fenchuganj) of Bangladesh, their molecular confirmation, and learning their antibiotic sensitivity patterns. A total of 334 fecal samples were collected using a simple random sampling technique. Standard conventional bacteriological culture and biochemical tests were done to isolate and confirm Salmonella. The isolates were confirmed with polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In this study, Salmonella was isolated from 56 samples (16.77%) using bacteriological culture methods and biochemical tests, and all isolates were confirmed in PCR tests. The prevalence of Salmonella was estimated to be 17.57% and 13.93% in Jaintapur and Fenchuganj Upazilas, respectively. Buffalo calves under one year of age had a higher prevalence (24.32%) than older animals aged 1 - 2 (18.62%), 2 - 4 (13.25%), and > 4 years (10.67%). Furthermore, the prevalence was substantially higher in diarrheic animals (72.22%) than in their healthy counterparts (13.60%). It did not vary significantly (p > 0.05) between animals from Jaintapur and Fenchuganj Upazilas. Likewise, no significant difference (p > 0.05) in Salmonella isolates was detected between different age groups. The results revealed that the isolation rate of Salmonella was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in female and diarrheic animals. The most effective antibiotics against the majority of Salmonella isolates were gentamycin (100%), levofloxacin (100%), and ciprofloxacin (76.67%). On the other hand, Salmonella isolates were highly resistant to tetracycline (100%), ampicillin (87.5%), and streptomycin (78.6%). Pathogenic microorganisms in feces are a potential risk to public health due to environmental and animal food contamination. Therefore, infection control and establishing strategic antibiotic therapy should be a priority.

EVALUATION OF PHYSIOLOGICAL BIOMARKERS AS POSSIBLE PREDICTIVE FACTORS AND PROGNOSIS MARKERS OF KIDNEY INJURY IN DOGS NATURALLY INFECTED WITH LEISHMANIA INFANTUM

2023-07-22T21:47:40+00:00

Impaired renal function is one of the main characteristics of dogs infected with Leishmania infantum. Early diagnosis of kidney injury is essential for improving patient’s prognosis. This study aims to evaluate physiological biomarkers as predictors of kidney injury and prognostic markers. Medical records of fifty-nine dogs of different breed, age, and sex, naturally infected with L. infantum, were analyzed. Red blood cells, leucocytes, platelets count, hematocrit, total plasma proteins, plasma globulin, plasma albumin, serum creatinine, serum urea, serum phosphorus, serum symmetrical dimethyl arginine, urine analysis, urinary density, urinary protein creatinine ratio, urinary creatinine, urinary protein, and systemic blood pressure were examined in trial 0. Six months after trial 0, twenty-four dogs returned for clinical and laboratory examination. The second medical record analysis was identified as trial 1. The twenty-four dogs were examined using the same tests performed in trial 0. The physiological biomarker such as platelets and leukocyte count, hematocrit, serum phosphorus, urinary density, and systemic blood pressure, showed a significant correlation as prognostic and predictive factors of kidney injury in dogs. The platelet count was used as the physiological biomarker to show the value as a predictive factor and prognostic marker related to biomarkers of kidney injury in dogs naturally infected with L. infantum.

INFECTIOUS STOMATITIS IN CAPTIVE SALVATOR MERIANAE LIZARDS

2023-11-27T16:00:37+00:00

Infectious stomatitis is a common ailment in captive reptiles, it arises from a combination of predisposing factors such as poor nutritional conditions, habitat issues or stress, where normal oral flora microorganisms act as pathogens, facilitating the disease development. This study aims to describe infectious stomatitis in a captive population of adult Salvator merianae lizards and to propose prophylactic measures for their maintenance in captivity. Within a population of 57 animals, a morbidity rate of 19.2% and a mortality rate of 7% were estimated. Microbiological analysis of oral mucosa revealed Pseudomonas aeruginosa susceptible to ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, and amikacin. Symptoms ranged from asymptomatic to animals with mild oral cavity lesions or severe stomatitis, with some cases exhibiting respiratory complications. Histopathological examination of lung samples was consistent with caseous pneumonia. Intramuscular ceftazidime treatment and oral disinfection yielded excellent results for lizards with stomatitis, although a favorable response was not observed in animals with pneumonia.

ECTOPIC PRIMARY ABDOMINAL PREGNANCY IN A PERSIAN CAT

2023-08-10T21:40:57+00:00

Ectopic pregnancies are common in human medicine, while they are rarely recorded in animals. This report describes a case of 2.5-year-old ectopic primary abdominal pregnancy in a 7-year-old Persian cat. The cat was admitted to the surgery clinic for routine ovariohysterectomy with no characteristic clinical symptoms. During surgery, ovaries, uterus and ligaments were normal, like in a non-pregnant cat. Four intra-abdominal fetuses of different developmental stages were found and carefully removed. Three fetuses were found free in the abdomen inside their gestational sacs. The fourth fetus was covered with omentum and had no gestational sac. The gestational sacs had different sizes (2-8 cm in diameter). Two of the fetuses were fully-haired with normal position of limbs. No complications were recorded during the surgery and 10 months post-operative. This case report adds to the database of ectopic pregnancies in cats and further illustrates their incidental nature.